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HTTP is the standard that allows documents to be communicated and shared over the Web. From a network perspective, HTTP is an application-layer protocol that is built on top of TCP/IP. Using our courier analogy from the previous section, HTTP is a kind of cover letter—like a fax cover sheet—that is stored in the envelope and tells the receiver what language the document is in, instructions on how to read the letter, and how to reply. Since the original version, HTTP/0.9, there have only been two revisions of the HTTP standard. HTTP/1.0 was released as RFC-1945[A] in May 1996 and HTTP/1.1 as RFC-2616 in June 1999. HTTP is simple: a client—most conspicuously a web browser—sends a request for some resource to a HTTP server, and the server sends back a response. The HTTP response carries the resource—the HTML document or image or whatever—as its payload back to the client. A simulated HTTP request using telnet % telnet www.w3.org 80 Trying 18.29.1.35... Connected to www.w3.org. Escape character is '^]'. HEAD / HTTP/1.1 HTTP/1.1 200 OK Date: Wed, 26 Sep 2001 03:42:32 GMT Server: Apache/1.3.6 (Unix) PHP/3.0.11 P3P: policyref="http://www.w3.org/2001/05/P3P/p3p.xml" Cache-Control: max-age=600 Expires: Wed, 26 Sep 2001 03:52:32 GMT Last-Modified: Tue, 25 Sep 2001 21:08:00 GMT ETag: "5b42a7-4b06-3bb0f230" Accept-Ranges: bytes Content-Length: 19206 Connection: close Content-Type: text/html; charset=us-ascii Connection closed by foreign host. %

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